KLF4 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Nonetheless, while organotypic cultures are useful models of carcinogenesis32, 47, 48, 49, overexpression of Klf4 results in esophageal squamous cell cancer via activation of inflammatory pathways in vivo50 and thus further study is required to exclude that higher levels of WNT5A, which is downstream of KLF4, promote esophageal inflammation and carcinogenesis in vivo.