The precise molecular mechanisms mediating the association between BCAAs and metabolic abnormalities during obesity is unclear, but may be related to the activation of mTOR-S6 K1 induced disruption of insulin signaling or the inhibition of GCN2, ATF4 and AMPK mediated lipid, glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis disorder [14, 57, 61]. The gene discussed is ATF4; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.