Virulence and pathogenicity factors of L. monocytogenes strains, such as internalin, listeriolysin O, actin, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, IAP proteins associated with invasiveness, and virulence regulators have been found both among strains isolated from disease cases, such as miscarriage in women [64], and in environmental strains [25]. Here, PLCG1 is linked to spontaneous abortion.