PTH infected with 5dCG-sNL virus alone did not secrete marked higher-than-background levels of sNL by day 17 post infection (p.i.), whereas PTH co-infected with wild type HBV and 5dCG-sNL viruses exhibited a surge in secreted sNL activity of nearly 2 logs at day 15 p.i., which then dropped slightly at day 17 p.i., but was still higher than mono-infection by 5dCG-sNL virus as well as other controls by at least 2 logs (Figure 6A, top). Here, FSCN1 is linked to infection.