Additionally, in cancer, ECM rigidity promotes breast cancer progression via oncogenic signalling in epithelial cells (Levental et al., 2009), and tumour-associated fibroblasts remodel the ECM via Rho-dependent cytoskeleton contraction to facilitate cancer cell invasion (Calvo et al., 2013; Gaggioli et al., 2007; Goetz et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene RHO and cancer.