Examination of the CD4+ to CD8+ T-cell ratio demonstrated that while each single arm treatment group decreased the percentage of CD4+ to CD8+ cells, combinational therapy further significantly decreased this ratio (p = 0.023), suggesting combined treatment was capable of further reducing the CD4 T-cell helper populations and increasing the effector CD8+ cells in the tumor microenvironment (Fig. 5a). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.