HNF4A and Chronic colitis: Since there was no increase in the number of Ki67- or BrdU-positive cells in α7HMZ colons, no visible tumors after a chronic colitis regimen (three cycles of DSS treatment) (data not shown) nor acceleration of tumor growth in the presence of ectopic expression of P2-HNF4α in the xenograft model (Vuong et al., 2015), there is no indication that P2-HNF4α actively promotes proliferation.