Based on our basic research, we started a clinical trial of G-CSF-mobilized nonexpanded PB-CD34+ cell transplantation in patients with decompensated LC, and we demonstrated that PB-CD34+ cell therapy is feasible, safe, and effective in slowing the decline of hepatic reserve function.5 Through this clinical study, we discovered that the cell number and the colony-forming ability of PB-CD34+ cells in patients with decompensated LC were reduced. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.