In an acute model of pelvic pain (experimental prostatitis) there was increased expression of both CCL7 and CCL12, and seven other chemokines also seen in acute bladder inflammation (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL6, CXCL2, CXCL3, and XCL1), suggesting commonality in inflammatory mediators up-regulated in pelvic inflammatory models (Quicket al., 2012). Here, CCL4 is linked to prostatitis.