Additionally, 7 upregulated genes were common to all three epilepsy models: Serping 1 [serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor), member 1], Emp3 (epithelial membrane protein 3), S100a6 (S100 calcium binding protein A6), Msn (moesin), Cd44 (CD44 molecule), Aspg (asparaginase), and Gpnmb [glycoprotein (transmembrane) nmb] (Fig. 3e). This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and epilepsy.