For the cancer endpoint, higher-dose insulin was associated with a higher risk of cancer; however, these results were not statistically significant (aHR 1.21, 95% CI 0.96–1.52, for those prescribed higher-dose insulin plus metformin, and 1.20, 0.95–1.52, for those prescribed higher-dose insulin monotherapy versus lower-dose insulin plus metformin, Fig 6c). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is cancer.