VEGFA and glaucoma: Furthermore, we investigated activation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase (p38 MAPK) and downstream heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathways in VEGF-A antagonist treated retinas, which have been reported to contribute to anterograde transport loss in glaucoma models.10 Our findings suggest that VEGF-A antagonists cause a distal reduction of RGC transport and activation of p38 MAPK, which may mediate these effects.