IL4 and Granuloma: McFarlane et al. (17) demonstrated that neutrophil depletion at the beginning of L. donovani infection leads to increase in parasite burden in the spleen and bone marrow but not in the liver, enhanced splenomegaly, a delay in the maturation of hepatic granulomas, a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression within granulomas, and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 with significant increase in the ratio of L. donovani-specific serum IgG1/IgG2a levels (17).