ADK and Stroke: Interestingly, ADK undergoes biphasic expression changes during epileptogenesis in modeled TLE (Gouder et al., 2004; Li et al., 2008; Boison, 2013), which form the basis of the ADK hypothesis of epileptogenesis: Acute insults to the brain such as traumatic brain injury (Clark et al., 1997), seizures (During and Spencer, 1992; Gouder et al., 2004), or a stroke (Pignataro et al., 2008) lead to an acute surge in adenosine associated with transient downregulation of ADK within the first 2 to 3 h after the injury (Gouder et al., 2004; Pignataro et al., 2008).