COL1A1 and cancer: Moreover, our analysis indicates that LOX is likely co-expressed with MMP2, COL1A1 and SPARC, all of which contribute to initiating cancer metastasis and EMT [9, 10, 16–18], and that bisphosphonates inhibit MMP2 activity [19, 20], COL1A1-driven osteoporotic fracture [21] and SPARC-stimulated EMT [22, 23].