Our results showed that the plasma marker of endothelial activation vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was increased in the later stages of CKD (CKD3-4 and CKD5), whereas this marker was undetectable in the plasma of the CVD, CKD1-2, and HV groups (Figure 6b). The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.