JUN and neoplasm: Taken together, these results reveal two distinct mechanisms of FRA1 regulation of tumor growth and metastasis (Figure 5E): 1) FRA1 acts through AKT to induce cell cycle regulators such as CyclinB1; and 2) FRA1 partners with the JNK effector c-Jun to induce expression of cell migration regulators including KIND1 and β1-integrin.