PDCD1 and pancreatic neoplasm: Following on the clinical success of treatment with an anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor, ipilimumab, in melanoma,41 this strategy was tested in Phase II clinical trials in advanced pancreatic cancer using ipilimumab (NCT01473940), pidilizumab (anti-PD1 mAb) (NCT01313416) and CP-870,893 (a selective agonist mAb of the CD40 receptor) (NCT00711191).