CTLA4 and neoplasm: Also, clinical reports have shown that radiotherapy could overcome anti-CTLA-4 resistance in patients with metastatic melanoma, inducing tumor responses in both irradiated and non-irradiated lesions, through the so-called ‘abscopal effect.’81,82 More recently, the combination of local radiotherapy with systemic (s.c.)GM-CSF has been shown to generate abscopal activity in NSCLC, thymic and breast cancers.83