The good results presented at ASCO 2015 of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 combinations with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) support this idea: such combinations had an ORR above 60%, that is higher than the sum of the ORR obtained with either therapy separately (ORR of around 30% for chemotherapy alone, and 20% for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAb).68,69. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.