In addition, prolonged treatment with recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 has been demonstrated to increase kidney size in hypophysectomized rats [34], while treatment of humans with rh IGF-1 increases glomerular filtration and kidney size and has specific anabolic effects on renal function, potentially delaying the onset of end-stage renal disease [35–38]. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is stage 5 chronic kidney disease.