In our previous study we found that in oscillating and high glucose, total endoglin, its soluble form (sENG), KLF-6 and HIF-1 α were significantly increased [36], and glucose variability reduction via continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in T1DM increases circulating EPCs levels, suggesting a novel mechanism of vascular damage by oscillating glucose [37]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.