Our previous and recent studies have demonstrated that RSV treatment significantly ameliorates proteinuria and renal fibrosis in subtotal nephrectomized rats by inhibiting Smad3 acetylation and attenuates urine albumin excretion, glomerular basement membrane thickness and renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via modulating angiogenesis [22,27]. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is renal fibrosis.