Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of total tumor mRNA confirmed an increase of PD-1 transcript levels but not PD-L1 levels (Figure 5E) or inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) (Supplementary Figure 4A) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Supplementary Figure 4B). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.