A survey of 160 ccRCC tumors found that VHL-deficient tumors expressed either HIF1A and HIF2A or just HIF2A, and that tumors expressing only HIF2A had higher c-Myc activity and higher stage [9], correlating with the known proliferative effects of c-Myc in ccRCC [41]. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.