TNF and coinfection: To examine the immune profile of individuals with co-infection, we compared the concentration of 15 immune markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-7, G-CSF, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1-α/CCL3, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17A, GM-CSF, IL-10, and TGF-β1) among the three groups using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA.