TNF and chronic kidney disease: Although the true reasons are not fully elucidated, the immune system disorders in CKD include immunodeficiency and activation of immunocompetent cells, T lymphocytes, and monocytes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated monocytes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc.)as well as the production of chlorinated oxidants (such as HOCl) by activated neutrophils.