While in NP G-CSF (Fig. 6) was increased threefold over the controls (NP median 277 pg/ml, range 0–9802 pg/ml; controls: median 90 pg/ml, range 9–7962 pg/ml; CRSsNP: median 155 pg/ml, range 0–8611 pg/ml; p < 0.01), levels of GM-CSF (Table 1) were not different among groups. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.