In contrast to these diminished cytokine levels, the TH17 respective cytokine IL-17 (Fig. 4) was elevated in nasal secretions of NP patients (median 15 pg/ml, range 0–105 pg/ml) in comparison to controls (median 2 pg/ml, range 0–320 pg/ml; p < 0.001) and to CRSsNP (median 2 pg/ml, range 0–146 pg/ml; p < 0.001). The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.