Irrespective of the existence of nasal polyps, levels of MIP-1β (Fig. 7) were significantly increased in NP (median 251 pg/ml, range 12–2088 pg/ml; p < 0.001) as well as in CRSsNP (median 182 pg/ml, range 0–5296 pg/ml; p < 0.01) over controls (median 103 pg/ml, range 0–2049 pg/ml). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.