In this study of normal (benign) endometrial tissue in which expression of the insulin/IGF and sex hormone axes was evaluated in relation to endometrial cancer risk factors, we observed that among postmenopausal women there was a higher frequency of positive pIGF1R/pIR endometrial glandular cell cytoplasmic IHC staining in diabetic as compared with non-diabetic women. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is endometrial cancer.