In terms of HCV-specific IL-17A production, we observed no significant differences in IL-17A production at the different stages of HIV/HCV coinfection, however there was an overall trend to more HCV-specific IL-17A producing responses in the PBMC of individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection compared to those with HCV monoinfection with HCV-specific IL-17A production being significantly higher in the PBMC of individuals with chronic and acute HCV with ongoing HAART-treated HIV infection compared to those with HCV monoinfection (p = 0.0287; p = 0.0478, respectively) (Fig 2B). Here, IL17A is linked to coinfection.