TLR5 and mantle cell lymphoma: Given the ability of TLRs to cross-talk with other regulatory pathways [22] we first evaluated the effect of TLRs triggering on the inherent Akt activation and MAPK signaling alteration characterizing this lymphoma.[23,24] As shown in Fig 2A, exposure of MCL cell lines to TLR1/2 or TLR5 ligands enhanced Akt constitutive activation and up-regulated the activating phosphorylation of the MAPK p38 and Erk1/2.