In addition, the protein expression increased in both full-length CnA (60 kD) and its truncated fragment without autoinhibitory domain (45 kD) in patients with AF (137.47 ± 77.61% versus 100 ± 65.17%, P = 0.029; 132.40 ± 59.94% versus 100 ± 56.19%, P = 0.019, resp). This evidence concerns the gene PPP3CA and atrial fibrillation.