Finally, since patients received several antiepileptic drugs, such as valproic acid, a possible effect of drug treatment on DNA methylation patterns (Ni et al. 2015), as well as on IL-1β expression (Gomez et al. 2014; Verrotti et al. 2001), has to be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the expression data in TSC brain specimens. Here, IL1B is linked to tuberous sclerosis.