IL1A and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: There is limited data on specific genes found to be associated with VACV infection, and none looking at pancreatic adenocarcinoma specifically.13,17–20 For example, Guerra et al. identified upregulation of genes in two clusters containing 20 immune response genes at 2, 6, and 16 hours postinfection in Human HeLa cells in response to modified vaccinia virus Ankara.19 Some of the key immune response genes belonging to these two clusters, including IL-1A, IL-6, IL-8, and components of signal transduction pathways, such as NFKB2, were identified in our study.