HIF1A and age-related macular degeneration: There is substantial evidence that the HIF-1α signaling has a protective function in acute insults, e.g. in ischemic conditions [184], whereas the effect seems to be harmful in chronic diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [185], cancer progression [186], chronic kidney disease [187], cardiomyopathies [188], and adipose tissue fibrosis and inflammation [189].