DKK3 and neoplasm: Indeed, methylation analysis of IBD tissues showed that methylation in ten Wnt signaling pathway genes, including APC1A, APC2, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK3, WIF-1, and LKB1, was frequent in IBD and IBD-associated neoplasia, which were associated with the progression of the disease, suggesting that Wnt signaling components may serve as biomarkers for IBD and IBD-associated neoplasia [132, 133].