INS and Hyperglycemia: These hormones lead to hyperglycemia due to muscle glycolysis and lipolysis, and subsequent gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver; 3) Hyperlactatemia due to glycolysis in muscle caused by the counterregulatory hormones and cytokines, sometimes referred to as the “lactate shuttle” 4) Insulin resistance which could be due to a defective GLUT4 transporter and to the deleterious effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α [16–18].