APOE and atherosclerosis: Given that it is widely known that atherosclerosis progression severely impairs cardiac reserve and exercise capacity in humans4, 5, 6 and in atherosclerotic ApoE−/− mice of both genders11, 13, 14, 17, our results regarding V’O2max, running exercise capacity and cardiac function of female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice are surprising.