INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has also been demonstrated that modulation of gut microbiota (e.g. by an antibiotic treatment and probiotics or dietary intervention with oligofructoses) reduces metabolic endotoxemia and the cecal content of LPS, improves glucose intolerance, insulin sensitivity and decreased body weight gain, and prevents development of obesity and NAFLD both in animal models of obesity and in human studies [66–70].