Two hundred and seventy (72.4 %) patients received antibiotics within a month before the infection, 269 (72.1 %) had been hospitalized in the 3 months prior to the CDI, and 72 (19.3 %) were receiving long term immunosuppressive therapy (steroids, TNF-α blockers, anti-rejection therapy, cyclophosphamide, rituximab or azathioprine). Here, TNF is linked to infection.