Differential phosphorylation of Akt has not been extensively studied; however in cancer, it has been proposed to influence the interactions of Akt with its substrates and thereby influence cell motility and invasion.29, 30 Of interest, in non-small cell lung cancer, elevated pAktT308 relative to pAktS473 is associated with poor prognosis.31 Future studies to determine the implications of differential phosphorylation of Akt in the context of IPF are beyond the scope of this article but may shed important light on the role of Akt in this disease setting. Here, AKT1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.