PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: For instance, the results of comprehensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on patients with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD identified PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3) as a modifier of NAFLD outcome [14] and demonstrated that the genetic and epigenetic variations in the PNPLA3 gene influence risk and features of NAFLD [14–16].