S100A4 and carcinoma: As an additional check, when the disease-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) factors (Sperduto et al, 2010) for breast BM (age, subtype of carcinoma and performance status) were combined in a model, the predictive value of staining for the protein persisted (HR for death in S100A4-negative cases=0.58, 95% CI: 0.35–0.96, P=0.033).