CXCL11 and bacterial infectious disease: Su et al. reported that CXCL11 was predominantly expressed in CD+14 cells of the mouse colonic mucosa lamina, producing proinflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and they interacted with a bacterial flagellum protein37, suggesting that the immune regulation of CXCL11 is closely related to the expression level of CD14. CD14, as the adaptor molecule of TLR signaling pathway, plays an important role in bacterial infection as a high affinity receptor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activated intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately leading to release cytokines38.