Driving the hypochromic morphology observed with both IC and CHQ-treated animals (Fig. 1c, d) is a synchronous release of parasite pyrogens such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) that are also associated with anaemia, various pathologies and death from malaria [52, 53]. Here, TNF is linked to anemia.