NHERF1 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ: Cytoplasmic NHERF1 expression progressively increases in cells from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive and metastatic tissues, and the upregulation of cytoplasmic NHERF1 protein expression is accompanied by a progressive and significant decrease in membranous NHERF1 expression [22, 23].