TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Moreover, the effectiveness of current treatments for RA, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor and methotrexate therapy, may be due in part to inducing a TH2 shift [156, 157], and inducing a TH2 shift has been proposed as a potential therapy for celiac disease [158], MS [159], kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury [160], and for prolongation of cardiac allograft viability [161].