Although the protective role of PTP1B inhibition on inflammatory conditions such as obesity-induced diabetes, colitis [16, 48], and LPS-induced neuroinflammation (Fig. 7) has been observed, the ability of PTP1B inhibitor to protect against neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis remains unknown. Here, PTPN1 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.