TNF and myocarditis: Reasons can be concluded as the following: Firstly, protective effect of NF-κB had been reported in reovirus-infected myocarditis, complete inhibition of TNF-α may lose the benefit of NF-κB activation54; Secondly, tumor necrosis factor-alpha confers cardioprotection, complete inhibition of TNF- α may be a detrimental factor for failing hearts55.