Conversely, susceptibility to infection and disease progression in CL is driven predominantly by the induction of a non-protective IL-4 Th-2-type response and the production of Th-2 associated cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (Alexander and Bryson, 2005; Tripathi et al.2007). Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.