However, the stimulating effect of androgen awaits further verification due to the fact that the androgen effect is mainly inferred from the study on androgen receptor [7,8], whereas the preventive or inhibitory effect of estrogen has been epidemiologically demonstrated by solid cohort studies showing higher HCC incidence rate after menopause [9–11], and directly confirmed in animal models showing the decrease of HCC incidence or HCC metastasis in estrogen-treated individuals [12]. Here, AR is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.