To further elucidate how E2 exerts its suppressive effect on HCC cells, the cells were transfected ERα, ERβ, GPR30, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, or COMT DNA and overexpression of these genes alone did not significantly influence HCC cell proliferation “Fig 3A”. This evidence concerns the gene GPER1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.