TNF and urothelial carcinoma: In this study, we identified that estrogen could reduce BCG-induced immunotherapeutic function against urothelial carcinoma by down-regulating the expression of IL-6, integrin-α5β1 and TNF-α, which are the key molecules to mediate BCG-induced monocyte/macrophage recruitment and kill BCa cells, and importantly, ICI 182,780 could potentiate the function of BCG via increasing these key molecules’ expressions in vitro and in vivo.